How is Morquio Syndrome described in the book Freak the Mighty?

The best description of Morquio syndrome comes from Max himself during the second time he sees Kevin, while Kevin is shouting at the moving men. Max immediately notices Kevin as the child who rarely attended daycare, but when he did show up, had “shiny braces on his crooked legs” and called himself “Robot Man” as a result of those braces. As Max watches Kevin shout at the moving men, Max describes Kevin as “this crippled-up yellow-haired midget kid strutting around the sidewalk.” This shows that Max must be very small for his age. Further, Max says that Kevin has a “normal-sized head” but his body is quite twisted and is “shorter than a yardstick.” Kevin also uses crutches (in addition to the braces) to get around.

Max’s description of Morquio syndrome is not far from the truth. Children with this condition are short and also have a short neck. Due to scoliosis, the word “twisted” fits as well. Often children with this condition have a chest that sticks way out and cannot walk well. Their walk, then, resembles a duck’s walk. Some children with this condition only live a few years, but others have been known to live in to their sixties. As we know, Kevin dies at age thirteen.

What is botulism?

Causes and Symptoms

Clostridium botulinum is a bacillus that produces spores. Both bacteria and spores can be found in the intestines of humans and other animals as well as in contaminated soil and water. The spores are highly resistant to heat and can survive boiling and other measures employed to kill bacteria and destroy toxins for safe food preparation. Under appropriate anaerobic conditions (those lacking oxygen), the spores germinate into the toxin-producing vegetative bacilli. The exotoxin is a protein synthesized within the bacteria and released only after the death and lysis (disintegration) of the bacteria. When ingested, the toxin resists the acid and enzymes of the stomach by creating complexes with other bacterial proteins. This allows the toxin to reach the intestines, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to nerve endings. The toxin is bound and internalized into the presynaptic nerve
endings, preventing release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The binding is irreversible, and recovery can occur only after nerve endings regenerate.

Human illness is caused by toxin ingestion or the entry of toxin-producing bacteria into the host. Improper processing of food, especially home canning, can result in the germination of contaminating spores, with subsequent toxin production. Food poisoning
occurs when toxin-containing food is ingested, unless it has has been heated sufficiently to denature the protein toxin.

The symptoms of descending paralysis usually begin twelve to thirty-six hours after ingestion. Blurred vision, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing are followed by labored breathing and weakness of the upper and then the lower extremities. Spores may also contaminate a wound and then germinate and form toxin within the host, producing symptoms similar to food poisoning. Botulism is diagnosed by identification of the toxin and/or bacteria in the patient’s serum, stool, or wound, or in ingested food. The specific type of botulinum toxin is verified using the mouse neutralization test.

Treatment and Therapy

The outcome of botulism has improved with the development of critical care and supportive measures. Intubation and mechanical ventilation is vitally important until neuromuscular control of breathing is regained. Specific treatment with botulism antitoxin may be used in severe or progressive cases. Because this antitoxin is of equine origin, however, a high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions (9 to 20 percent) occurs in human patients.

Perspective and Prospects

In 1820, a German named Justinus Kerner first noted the association between sausage consumption and paralytic disease. The term botulism is derived from botulus, the Latin word for “sausage.” Wound botulism was first recognized in 1943. Infant botulism, which is caused by swallowed spores rather than preformed toxin, was first noted in 1976. The most common form of human botulism in the United States, infant botulism can be contracted from exposure to honey, but most cases seem to be related to spores found in soil and dust.

Despite these insights, however, the epidemiology of many botulism cases remains obscure. A diagnostic test more rapid and widely available than the mouse neutralization test, which takes forty-eight hours, is needed. Antitoxin, perhaps from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization technology, would improve therapy over the scarce and dangerous equine product.

Bibliography:

Brachman, Philip S., and Elias Abrutyn, eds. Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. 4th ed. New York: Springer, 2009.

Mandell, Gerald L., John E. Bennett, and Raphael Dolin, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. New York: Churchill, 2010.

MedlinePlus. "Botulism." MedlinePlus, Apr. 23, 2013.

Pommerville, Jeffery C. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. 9th ed. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones, 2010.

Wood, Debra. "Botulism." Health Library, Nov. 11, 2012.

Why is it important to teach Social Studies in today's world?

It is more important than ever to teach Social Studies. In a world where so much information is available, it is essential to know how to analyze sources to detect bias and inaccuracies. Teaching Social Studies is one way to accomplish this.

There are many people who lack knowledge of History, Economics, Geography, and/or Civics. By studying Civics, students will better understand how their political system works. They will learn why it is important to fulfill their responsibilities as a citizen of this country. By studying Economics, students will have a better understanding of how the economy works. With economic knowledge, they will be able to make better financial decisions. Students will be able to learn from the past as they make decisions for today and the future through the study of History. By studying Geography, students will learn how the land and its resources affect them. The more knowledge a student has, the less likely he or she is to be swayed by the inaccurate and biased information spread by some individuals and groups.

The more knowledge a person has about the different Social Studies subjects, the more informed they are on current issues. This will help them make informed and hopefully wise decisions that will positively affect them and those affected by their decisions.

What does the author mean when he describes the visitors as being "made of lean and leather"?

This reference comes in the 12th paragraph of Momaday’s Introduction. Here he describes the old Kiowa men who used to come along with their wives to meet at his grandmother’s house. Imagine the scene as you read it, and you may understand how the elderly Native Americans were “made of lean and leather.” They were senior citizens who had worked hard enough that they were built entirely of thin muscle, not fat. They spent a lot of time outside in the sun and the weather. Their skin was dark and thickly creased, like an old and worn leather baseball glove. These were the people who still remembered the tribal ways and legends. “They were an old council of warlords, come to remind and be reminded of who they were,” the author says. He was lucky enough to be able to listen to their stories.

What is animal cloning?

Clones and Cloning

Asexual reproduction occurs in numerous bacteria, fungi, and plants, as well as some animals, leading to genetically identical offspring or clones. In addition, humans can assist in such reproduction. For instance, cuttings from plants generate thousands of replicates. Dividing some animals, such as earthworms or flatworms, allows them to regenerate. However, most vertebrates, including all mammals, reproduce sexually, requiring fertilization of an ovum by sperm. In such species, clones occur, as in the case of identical twins, when an embryo splits completely early in development. This process can be instigated artificially using microsurgical techniques to divide a harvested early-stage embryo and reimplanting the halves into surrogate dams (mothers). While this can be considered animal cloning, the term should be reserved for cloning from nonembryonic cells.

Cloning Procedure

Animal cloning typically refers to mammals or other higher vertebrates and involves creating a duplicate animal starting from a differentiated cell. Although such a cell only has the ability to perform its specialized function, its nucleus retains all genetic information for the organism’s development. Animal cloning requires that such information be reprogrammed into an undifferentiated cell that can reinitiate the developmental process from embryo to birth and beyond.

In theory, the process, known as "somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)" or "fusion cell cloning," is straightforward. It consists of taking a differentiated cell from an adult animal, inserting its diploid nucleus into a donor ovum whose own haploid nucleus has been removed, initiating embryonic development of this ovum, inserting the resultant embryonic mass into a receptive surrogate dam (in estrus) and allowing it to proceed to term. In practice, the technique is difficult and was thought to be impossible until 1997. It also appears fraught with species specificity. Various differentiated cells have been used as the starting source; mammary cells were used in the first case, while skin fibroblasts and cumulus cells are also often used. The preparation of the enucleated ovum is an important step. A limitation to cloning dogs appears to be the difficulty in determining when estrus will occur. The technique for inserting the nucleus is crucial, as is the conversion to the undifferentiated embryonic state. Transfer of the embryonic cells to a receptive surrogate dam is generally a well-developed technology, although more than three viable embryos are necessary to maintain pregnancy in pigs.

Furthermore, the genetic makeup of a putative clone must be verified, to ensure that it is indeed a replica of its progenitor and not an unintended offspring of either the donor of the ovum or the surrogate dam. DNA fingerprinting via microsatellite analysis at a number of polymorphic sites is an unambiguous way to establish its genetic identity.

Identicalness

Such a clone is not absolutely identical, because of mitochondrial differences and environmental effects. While the nuclear genome must be identical to its progenitor, the mitochondrial genome of the clone will invariably be different, because it comes from the ovum used. While mitochondria make a minor contribution to the total genetic makeup, they can influence phenotypic expression. In addition, the prenatal environment can affect some traits. Coat color and color pattern are characteristics that can be developmentally influenced; the first cloned cat was not an exact duplicate of its progenitor in coloration. Some behavioral features are also impacted during intrauterine development.

Cloned Animals

The first cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly. While she was the only live offspring generated from 277 attempts, her birth showed that animal cloning was possible. Shortly thereafter, mice and cattle were cloned. Reproducible cloning of mice is more difficult than imagined, whereas more cattle were cloned in the first five years after Dolly’s birth than any other species. Goats, pigs, cats, buffalo, gray wolves, and a camel were among the animals that were subsequently cloned.

Problems and Potential Benefits

Prominent among the problems with animal cloning is its inefficiency. Although this may not be surprising as the technology continues to evolve, SCNT still has a less than 10 percent success rate in the mid-2010s, according to the US Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, most cloned animals are larger than normal at birth, often requiring cesarian delivery, and some have increased morbidity and mortality. Some have had smaller telomeres and shorter lives. Dolly exhibited this trait and lived for only six years (although she was euthanized, she clearly would not have lived much longer)—half of the average life span. Conversely, some cloned mice do not exhibit shortened telomeres or premature aging, even through six consecutive cloned generations. Further research will establish whether these problems are inherent to cloning, are consequences of some aspect of the current procedure, or are attributable to the small numbers of cloned animals studied.

The benefits of animal cloning would involve duplicating particularly valuable animals. Livestock with highly valued production characteristics could be targets for cloning. However, the technique is likely to be most beneficial in connection with transgenesis, to replicate animals that yield a therapeutic agent in high quantities or organs suitable for transplantation into humans. Some researchers also hold out hope that cloning could one day help stabilize the populations of endangered species. If animal cloning can be made efficient and trouble-free, its potential benefits could be fully developed.

Key Terms




asexual reproduction


:

reproduction not requiring fusion of haploid gametes as a first step





clone


:

a genetic replica of a biological organism




differentiated cell

:

a somatic cell with a specialized function





mitochondrial genome


:

DNA found in mitochondria, coding for forty genes in humans, involved in energy metabolism, and maternally inherited




nuclear genome

:

DNA found in the nucleus, coding for 30,000 genes in higher organisms, half inherited from each parent





telomere


:

a specialized structure at the chromosome end, which shortens in somatic cells with age





Bibliography

Houdebine, Louis-Marie. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning. Trans. Louis-Marie Houdebine et al. Hoboken: Wiley, 2003. Print.

Jabr, Ferris. "Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals?." Scientific American. Nature America, 11 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 July 2014.

Panno, Joseph. Animal Cloning: The Science of Nuclear Transfer. Rev. ed. New York: Facts On File, 2011. Print.

Patterson, Lesley, William Richie, and Ian Wilmut. “Nuclear Transfer Technology in Cattle, Sheep and Swine.” Transgenic Animal Technology, A Laboratory Handbook. Ed. Carl A. Pinkert. 2nd ed. London: Academic, 2002. Print.

Pennisi, Elizabeth, Gretchen Vogel, and Dennis Normile. “Clones: A Hard Act to Follow.” Science 288.5472 (2000): 1722–27. Print.

"Technology Overview: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer and Other Assisted Reproductive Technologies." FDA.gov. US Food and Drug Administration, 14 July 2014. Web. 25 July 2014.

Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge. The Second Creation: The Age of Biological Control by the Scientists That Cloned Dolly. London: Headline, 2000. Print.

In April, with the help of Mrs. Baker, what job does Kawalski and Associates get instead of Hoodhood and Associates?

The job that Kowalski and Associates got instead of Hoodhood and Associates is the renovation project of Yankee Stadium.  I would like to make a small clarification though.  Kowalski and Associates was awarded the contract in May, not April.  

During April, Holling went to opening day at Yankee Stadium.  After the game, a few of the Yankees recognized Holling and his friends from earlier in the story.  The boys got to play some catch with the Yankee players on Yankee field.  It must have been amazing.  That's hallowed ground that they got to touch.  The Yankee players also recognized Mrs. Baker from having run in the Olympics.  Long story short, Mrs. Baker stayed later in order to talk to one of the heads of the Yankee organization about the renovation project.  The reader never does find out what Mrs. Baker said during that meeting, but by the very next month, Kowlaski and Associates was awarded the renovation contract.  Mr. Hoodhood is quite upset, because it makes his contract to redo the junior high school look quite meager.  

Why should Caesar beware March 15th?

In Act I Scene 2, a soothsayer (a fortuneteller) three times warns Julius Caesar to “beware the ides of March.”  The ides indicate the middle of a month in the Roman calendar – the 15th day of March, May, July, and October, and the 13th of all the other months.  So the soothsayer is telling Caesar to beware the 15th of March.  Caesar dismisses him and does not heed his warning.  On the date in question, he tells the soothsayer in a mocking tone that the “ides of March are come,” to which the latter replies, “Ay Caesar:  but not gone.”  This is ominous, and sets the tone for the events that follow. 

All this talk of the ides of March is foreshadowing – the audience knows what is to come, and the dramatic irony of Caesar’s heedlessness has a very tense effect.  What the audience knows, and what Caesar does not, is that the 15th of March is the day Brutus and a group of other senators will have chosen to murder Caesar.  The soothsayer, who can read the future, is trying to warn Caesar to be alert; that on this date a threat will rise against him.  Yet Caesar scoffs at the man, and as often is the case with fate, any attempts to prevent it play directly into its hands.  So, Caesar must beware the ides because on the ides he will be murdered – and yet by warning him, the soothsayer has triggered his pride and his skepticism, and thus ensured that Caesar will fall into the trap fate has laid for him.

What are the overall most important events from chapters 8-14 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird that should be included in a plot line?

One of the most important events in Chapter 8 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is the moment Miss Maudie's house catches fire, because it leads to further character development.

During the fire, Scout and Jem had been commanded by Atticus to stay in front of the Radleys' gate, far away from the fire. Once the danger has passed and the Finch family is back in their own home, Atticus, Scout, and Jem are all very surprised to find that Scout is clutching a "brown woolen blanket" around her shoulders. Atticus and Jem are the first to realize it must have been Arthur (Boo) Radley who put the blanket around Scout's shoulders, without her noticing it, since Nathan Radley was helping out at the fire. The moment is significant because it helps Jem further see what a caring and benevolent person Arthur is, not the dangerous person the neighborhood has been led to believe.

A second significant event is the moment Atticus rescues his children and the rest of the neighborhood from a rabid dog in Chapter 10. Prior to this moment, the children saw their father as a "feeble" man incapable of doing anything interesting, such as shoot or play tackle football, due to his old age though he is only in his late forties. However, when the rabid dog comes within shooting range, they are very surprised to witness Sheriff Heck Tate hand his riffle over to Atticus, saying, "Take him, Mr. Finch." At first, Atticus refuses but becomes convinced when Sherriff Tate argues that they need to kill the dog in one shot, and if the bullet misses, it could go straight into the Radleys' house.

The children are astonished to learn that their father is actually a sharpshooter who gave up shooting long ago  because, as Miss Maudie later explains, he saw that his skills put him at an "unfair advantage over most living things." Through this new knowledge about their father, Jem realizes that Atticus is adverse to killing living things because, as he explains to Scout, "Atticus is a gentleman, just like me!" (Ch. 10). Hence, the incident is significant because it helps Jem begin to understand the extant of Atticus's bravery and to associate bravery with being a gentleman. More importantly, it helps Jem begin to associate being brave and gentlemanly with protecting the innocent.

In Shelley's "To a Skylark," what effects does the rhyme scheme have?

This is an interesting question, and one that will require some interpretation! All we can say for absolute certain is that the rhyme scheme in Shelley's "To a Skylark" is

• Consistent throughout each stanza


• In the pattern ABABB


• Only violated slightly a few times (like when Shelley rhymes "not" with "not" in the seventh stanza, or when "leaves" and "gives" are presented as rhymes in the eleventh stanza)

So if we want to know what the effects of that rhyme scheme are, we should read it out loud and see what happens.

When you do this, you notice that the poem is a lofty tribute to a skylark, a bird who flies so high that it can't even be seen; the speaker of the poem seems jealous of the freedom and joy that the bird must possess. And each stanza is like its own little painting of something in the natural world.

1. So, by employing that repetitive, consistent rhyme scheme in each self-contained little stanza, Shelley seems to express the music and joyful simplicity of his topic (the skylark in particular, and nature in general).

2. Reading the poem and all of its well-knit, quickly-resolved, repetitive rhymes might call to mind any number of repeated movements in nature: the beating of a bird's wings in flight, the rise and fall of ocean waves, the pounding of spring rains on grass, and so on.

3. The fact that so many of the rhymes are predictable may also help you speed your way through the poem, anticipating what the speaker is about to say, and therefore vicariously experience more of the thrilling, fast movement of the skylark. Let's look at the thirteenth stanza to see this in action:

"Teach us, Sprite or Bird,

What sweet thoughts are thine:

I have never heard

Praise of love or wine

That panted forth a flood of rapture so ______."

Did your mind automatically fill in the word "divine" right there before you even read the word? Probably! You already heard "thine" and "wine," and seeing the word "rapture" probably prompted you to think of "divine" before processing it. You feel like you're racing through the poem, like a skylark zipping across the sky.

Again, these are just one reader's ideas regarding potential effects that the rhyme scheme may have. More effects are always possible!

How is the following excerpt from Tuck Everlasting by Natalie Babbitt a simile?"and it was if they had slipped in under a giant colander"

This is a simile because the author makes a comparison between  two unlike things using the words “like” or “as.” In this case, the author is comparing the feeling of being under the treetops to the feeling of being under a giant, overturned colander. 

A colander is a bowl with small holes in it. It’s usually used to drain pasta or lettuce. You probably have one in your kitchen! If you can imagine the terrifying situation of being trapped under a giant colander, you can see why the comparision actually works. The small holes would only let in tiny pinpricks of light, resulting in an effect that some might call “dappled light.” Likewise, the trees over Winnie’s head are so thick and old that they only let in little tiny dots of light.

This simile creates a romantic, mysterious atmosphere.

How did the US establish a military presence in the Philippines?

The United States first established its military presence in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War in 1898. 1898 turned out to be a watershed year in American Foreign Policy. 

The United States first entered into the Spanish-American war hoping to extend its reach beyond the concept of Manifest Destiny, or owning land from sea to shining sea. Once Manifest Destiny was reached, the nation wanted to spread its wings and become a colonial power, like England and Spain. The U.S. turned its sights on Cuba to try and free the nation from Spain. 

The Spanish also occupied the Philippines. General Dewey was sent there to destroy the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay before it reached Cuba. In the Phillipines, insurgents were also attempting to drive out the Spanish. Through Aguinaldo, the U.S. and the Philippines became allies, and they were able to defeat the Spanish forces. The U.S. was able to capture the city of Manila in August 1898. The U.S. maintained occupation of the Philippines throughout the remainder of the Spanish-American War. However, when signing the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the United States gave Cuba its dependence and decided to continue to occupy the Philippines. 

In many ways the French and Indian War resulted in the causes leading to the American Revolution. Discuss this statement.

The French and Indian War (1756-1763) was fought in the New World between Britain and France over competing claims to the Ohio River Valley. At the end of the war, Britain gained Canada from France and Florida from Spain, and the war opened up the possibility of westward expansion into the area around the Ohio River Valley. As colonial Americans started to stream westward into the land east of the Mississippi, the Native American tribes who lived there were understandably alarmed. As a result, many tribes led a revolt under Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe, and the British lost many of their western forts. In reaction, King George III of Britain passed the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade colonists from entering lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. This proclamation was one of the causes of the American Revolution, as it caused resentment among the colonists who had looked forward to moving westward for new opportunities.

In addition, fighting the French and Indian War had been very costly for the British. They had doubled their national debt in fighting the war, and the British authorities felt that the colonists should pay for the war, as it had benefited them. Therefore, the British began to enforce laws about navigation and trade, such as the Sugar Act (which tried to raise money through taxing molasses sent to the colonies). This law had been in effect for decades, but it wasn't enforced until after the French and Indian War. Therefore, the war resulted in the enforcement of mercantilist trade laws that also angered the colonists, who had gotten used to not having these laws enforced, leading to the American Revolution. 

How did Griffith, Hershey-Chase, Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick contribute to our understanding of the structure and function of DNA?

Several scientists contributed to our understanding of the structure and function of DNA. 

Frederick Griffith (1928): Griffith experimented with a bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae. Griffith used two strains of this bacteria in his experiments.

• The first strain was called the "S strain" because the presence of a polysaccharide capsule in these bacteria produced colonies with a smooth appearance. The S strain bacteria were lethyl to mice.

• The second strain was called the "R strain." This strain did not have a polysaccharide capsule and produced colonies with a rough appearance. The R strain bacteria were not lethyl to mice.

Griffith conducted the following experiments:

• First, Griffith killed some of the lethyl S strain bacteria by boiling them. He then injected the dead cells into mice. The mice survived. This proved that the outer shell of the bacteria was not the lethyl factor that was responsible for the death of the mice. 

• Second, Griffith injected dead S strain bacteria with live nonvirulent R cell bacteria into the mice. These mice died. Live cells were recovered from the dead mice and cultured. S strain bacteria grew in the cultures. When these S strain bacteria were injected into mice, the mice died. This showed that something in the dead S cells was able to transform the R cells into S cells.

Oswald Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty (1944): These scientists continued experiments with the S and R strains of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. They separated the molecules found in the dead S strain bacteria and injected them individually into mice together with live R strain bacteria. The only molecule that was able to transform the R strain bacteria into S strain bacteria was DNA. They concluded that the DNA molecule was able to transfer S strain genes into the R strain bacteria.

Erwin Chargaff (1950): After studying the DNA of several organisms, Chargaff was able to determine that the total amount of thymine and cytosine in DNA always equals the total amount of adenine and guanine.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952): Hershey and Chase experimented with a phage virus called T2. The virus T2 is able to infect E. coli bacteria. The phage virus is almost entirely composed of protein and DNA. The protein contains S atoms, but not P atoms. The DNA contains P atoms, but not S atoms. Hershey and Chase radioactively labeled the S and P atoms in the virus. When the labeled virus infected the bacteria, most of the labeled P atoms from the DNA were located inside the bacterial cells, while most of the labeled S atoms from the protein remained outside of the bacteria. This proved that DNA is the hereditary material.

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1953): Franklin and Wilkins fired X rays at DNA fibers. When the X rays hit the DNA fibers, they scattered. The scattered rays were detected by photographic film. This data indicated that the DNA molecule was helical. 

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953): Using the discoveries of Chargoff, Franklin, and Wilkins, Watson and Crick were able to create a three dimensional model of the DNA molecule. This model described DNA as a double helix. The backbones of the double helix strands were held together by phosphodiester bonds. The strands themselves were held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of adenine and thymine bases and pairs of cytosine and guanine bases.

What are some very good figurative language examples in Girl With the Pearl Earring?

One of the most salient features of the narration in this book is the continual use of similes and metaphors to establish visual imagery. These examples of figurative language not only create a good mental picture of the scenes and their characters but also build our understanding of Griet herself: the way in which she describes things and people, often making comparisons to objects in her home and town, reveals how insightful and observant she is.

Let's consider some good examples.

1. When Catharina first meets Griet, this woman has "tiny blond curls" that "hung about her forehead like bees." This is Griet's internal description of Catharina, portraying her as tall and beautiful yet disheveled. Her choice of words in that visual description provides for the readers the same sense of nervousness and wariness around Catharina that Griet herself seems to have. Through this comparison, we understand that Griet senses in Catharina something slightly dangerous or intimidating.

2. Griet describes the scene at the Market Square, comparing the "narrow tower" of the New Church where her family belongs to "a stone birdcage." This striking image not only helps us imagine the church itself, but it also helps us notice Griet's eye for detail and her understanding of religion as something that confines us.

3. Later, Griet sees Tanneke for the first time and mentally notes that her eyes are "light blue, as if she had caught the sky in them." This fanciful simile helps us understand Griet's eye for beauty: in an otherwise dowdy, ugly woman, a spark of beauty has been noted by Griet.

The examples above can be considered masterful uses of figurative language because they go beyond establishing visual imagery: they reveal more about who the characters are and how they think and relate to each other.

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

Causes and Symptoms

Klinefelter syndrome
is caused by a variation in the number of sex chromosomes. Males normally possess one X and one Y chromosome, while females normally have two X chromosomes. When an embryo has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY), normal development and reproductive function are hampered, and the boy shows the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome. These symptoms include breast development, underdevelopment of sex organs, and school or social difficulties. The major symptom is sterility or very reduced fertility, although affected males have normal erections. The testes remain small after puberty and produce few, if any, sperm. Sex drive may also be low.

In adolescence, breast tissue often develops significantly. In addition, normal facial and body hair may not develop in these boys. Although they usually grow quite tall, young men with Klinefelter syndrome often have disproportionate limbs and are less physically strong or coordinated than their peers. Some affected individuals exhibit some degree of subnormal intelligence. Others lack self-confidence or experience difficulties in learning language and speech or in concentrating.

Treatment and Therapy

Klinefelter syndrome is diagnosed using a karyotype, an analysis of the chromosomes from blood or cheek cells. It can determine the presence of forty-seven chromosomes, including one Y and two X. Although Klinefelter syndrome is genetic and cannot be cured, testosterone can be administered orally, intravenously, or transdermally to supplement the usually insufficient amount produced by the boy’s own testes. This therapy should enhance male physical development by increasing the size of the penis, causing hair
growth and greater muscle bulk, and deepening the voice. Other benefits may include increased concentration, greater physical strength and energy, and higher sex drive.

Hormone therapy cannot increase the size of the testes, cure sterility, or reverse breast tissue development, which can only be treated by surgical removal. It may, however, increase self-esteem and a sense of masculinity, thereby easing social interactions.

For children with Klinefelter syndrome who experience difficulty with language development, early speech therapy interventions and educational assistance are recommended. Counseling and behavioral training may help with social interaction.

Perspective and Prospects

Found in about one out of every five hundred born, Klinefelter syndrome is the most common human chromosomal variation. Described by Harry Klinefelter in 1942, its cause was discovered by Patricia Jacobs and John Strong in 1959.

Men with Klinefelter syndrome are at higher risk of developing heart or lung disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, dental complications, osteoporosis, breast or lung cancer, venous disease, depression, and autoimmune disorders. Nevertheless, the average life expectancy for those with Klinefelter syndrome is about the same as men without the condition.

Bibliography

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. "Klinefelter Syndrome." MedlinePlus, November 2, 2012.

Bandmann, H.-J., and R. Breit, eds. Klinefelter’s Syndrome. New York: Springer, 1984.

Klinefelter Syndrome and Associates. "Frequently Asked Questions Related to 47, XXY." Genetic.org, 2012.

Kronenberg, Henry M., et al., eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.

Martin, Richard J., Avroy A. Fanaroff, and Michele C. Walsh, eds. Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. 9th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier, 2010.

Milunsky, Aubrey, and Jeff Milunsky, eds. Genetic Disorders of the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. 6th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Morales, Ralph, Jr. Out of the Darkness: An Autobiography of Living with Klinefelter Syndrome. Louisville, Ky.: Chicago Spectrum Press, 2002.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. "Klinefelter Syndrome: Condition Information." U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, November 30, 2012.

Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker, eds. The Official Parent’s Sourcebook on Klinefelter Syndrome. San Diego, Calif.: Icon Health, 2002.

Rosenblum, Laurie, and Kari Kassir. "Klinefelter Syndrome."Health Library, September 27, 2012.

Sørensen, Kurt. Klinefelter’s Syndrome in Childhood, Adolescence, and Youth: A Genetic, Clinical, Developmental, Psychiatric, and Psychological Study. Park Ridge, N.J.: Parthenon, 1988.

What problem does Swift identify in "A Modest Proposal"? What general solution does he recommend?

Jonathan Swift, himself originally Irish, was Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin and thus a member of the Church of England as well as a distinguished writer.

Ireland at this time was primarily Gaelic-speaking and Roman Catholic. The English had fully conquered Ireland during the Tudor period and were English-speaking Protestants. Outside the Dublin "Pale", many of the Irish resented their English overlords and civil unrest was a perennial issue, with the Irish often aiding English enemies or rebels (such as the Jacobite uprising). In response, England's rule of Ireland was quite oppressive, restricting educational and economic opportunities for Irish Catholics. Partly in consequence of this, the Irish tended to be impoverished, ignorant, and at risk of starvation due to periodic famines. 

The immediate problem that Swift is addressing in "A Modest Proposal" is famine. He wrote during a period in which there were a series of bad harvests and many of the Irish were starving. He is particularly concerned with seeing mothers and young babies starving on the streets. 

In this satire, Swift proposes that much of this starvation could be averted if Irish babies were used or sold for food. He does not mean for this suggestion to be taken literally. Instead, it is intended to make the reader understand the dire nature of the Irish situation and make the English reverse some of the economic laws that had destroyed the Irish economy. 

How does Equality's physical features and character traits stand out from the other men?

The protagonist for Ayn Rand's Anthem is named Equality 7-2521 and the first physical character trait that he points out is the fact that he is six-feet tall. His teachers and leaders have told him that he is evil because he has taller than the other men in his community. His next sin is that he has forbidden thoughts, which are basically dreams he wants to accomplish and ideas he wants to study. Dreams and intellectual inquiry are strictly forbidden in Equality's world because he lives in a society that favors living for the benefit of the group over the desires of the individual. Equality tries to conform to the rules of his society, but when he finds a tunnel that used to be part of a subway, he becomes possessive and tells his coworkers not to tell anyone what he found. Progressively, Equality becomes motivated to rebel secretly by writing, studying, and becoming interested in a girl--all of which he is not supposed to do. Eventually, Equality becomes possessive of anything he desires to have, whether it be knowledge, a girlfriend, or control of his own destiny. By the end of book, Equality discovers exactly what was different about him from his brothers:

"What is my joy if all hands, even the unclean, can reach into it? What is my wisdom, if even the fools can dictate to me? What is my freedom, if all creatures, even the botched and the impotent, are my masters? What is my life, if I am but to bow, to agree and to obey?

"But I am done with this creed of corruption.

"I am done with the monster of 'We,' the word of serfdom, the plunder, of misery, falsehood and shame" (97).

In Act I, Scene IV, of William Shakespeare's King Lear, what reference is made to Cordelia?

If her failure to match her two older sisters, Goneril and Regan, to see who among the king’s daughters could be most obsequious would result in Cordelia’s disgrace and banishment, it was a price she was willing to pay to retain her dignity and to spare her father the lies and deceit that the aging monarch seemed to be inviting. In Act I, Scene I, of King Lear, the titular character is contemplating the division of his kingdom among his offspring, with the older, already married daughters doing the utmost to curry favor with their father. Goneril and Regan are only too happy to comply, dousing their father with the most flattering homilies and commitments to enduring love imaginable. To King Lear’s discredit, he is very receptive to these false declarations of love, and turns his wrath instead on Cordelia, angrily declaring to the King of France, who has just prevailed in the competition for Cordelia’s hand in marriage,

“Thou hast her, France: let her be thine; for we
Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see
That face of hers again. Therefore be gone
Without our grace, our love, our benison.”

If King Lear has allowed himself to be deceived by virtue of Cordelia’s refusal to add to her sisters’ obsequiousness into believing that Cordelia’s love for him is less than that suggested in Goneril and Regan’s homilies, than this will prove a fatal weakness that he will come to realize in Act I, Scene IV. Early in this scene, the king, while visiting the castle of Goneril, encounters a stranger who is Kent in disguise. Kent, of course, is, like Cordelia (and the Fool) among the more loyal of the king’s subjects, and sincerely wishes to help the falling monarch contend with the maliciousness of Lear’s oldest daughter. The unseen presence of Cordelia is now felt, with the incognito Kent suggesting the very attributes the king most requires:

KING LEAR

What services canst thou do?

KENT

I can keep honest counsel, ride, run, mar a curious
tale in telling it, and deliver a plain message
bluntly: that which ordinary men are fit for, I am
qualified in; and the best of me is diligence.

This comment by Kent—“I can keep honests counsel”—is reminiscent of the integrity missing from the king’s castle since the departure of Cordelia. The king’s visit to Goneril’s castle is a disaster, with tension hanging in the air and Lear developing a greater appreciation for the extent to which he has fallen subsequent to his decision to divide his kingdom. When a king is shunned by a mere servant—“Why came not the slave back to me when I called him,” to which a knight replies, “Sir, he answered me in the roundest manner, he would not”—it becomes all too apparent that his glory days are over. The king’s entourage is being poorly treated, and the king disrespected (although, the entourage was not exactly behaving in the manner to which Goneril and her staff have no doubt become accustomed), and, it is in this context that King Lear acknowledges his grave error in judgement with respect to his youngest and most loyal daughter, Cordelia:

[To GONERIL] Detested kite! thou liest.
My train are men of choice and rarest parts,
That all particulars of duty know,
And in the most exact regard support
The worships of their name. O most small fault,
How ugly didst thou in Cordelia show!
That, like an engine, wrench'd my frame of nature
From the fix'd place; drew from heart all love,
And added to the gall. O Lear, Lear, Lear!

Beat at this gate, that let thy folly in,

King Lear recognizes that Cordelia’s refusal to abide her father’s expectations, including her declaration that, when she does marry, her love will be shared with a husband as well as with her father, was actually a more honest and endearing display of love for the king than either of the other daughters was able to muster. Cordelia’s frankness, in other words, is now being appreciated by King Lear, his dignity having been insulted by the malevolent Goneril. This, then, is the context and the meaning of the reference to Cordelia in Act I, Scene IV, of Shakespeare’s play.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is considered to be a work of Gothic literature. What are the features of this genre? Also, how did...

Gothic literature often leaves open the possibility of mystery, especially having to do with something supernatural.  Madness is common in Gothic literature too, as is any overwrought emotion really, because part of the purpose of Gothic fiction was to inspire terror in the reader.  Such intense emotion was considered to be sublime, the most natural and truest part of being a human.  Gothic fiction also tends to rely on stock characters, one of which is the fallen hero.  He's sort of the hero with a dark side.

Certainly, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde contains a great many of these elements.  There seems to be something supernatural going on with Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and the strange nature of their relationship is shrouded in mystery until the very end of the novella; this creates a great deal suspense for both the reader (and some of the characters).  The sense that Dr. Jekyll has descended into some kind of madness also pervades the work, and he would definitely qualify as a fallen hero.  Stevenson seems to have been affected deeply by the qualities of Gothic fiction since this novella seems to make use of so many.

What literary devices, if any, are used in Pride and Prejudice?

Pride and Prejudice is famous for its use of irony. In irony, the intended or literal meaning of words is different from their actual meaning. Pride and Prejudice's first line is often cited as the textbook example of an ironic utterance: 

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

What the statement really means is that single women (and their families) are desperately in want of a husband of good fortune.

The irony that begins with the novel's first sentence extends through the entire work as Elizabeth's prejudice against Darcy leads her to misread the world around her, seeing him as a blackguard and the wicked Wickham as wronged by Darcy.

The novel also uses aphorism, or concise statements that contain universal truths, such as when Charlotte says,

There are very few of us who have heart enough to be really in love without encouragement. In nine cases out of ten a woman should show more affection than she feels.

These two devices, irony and aphorism, are characteristic of eighteenth-century prose, often used by writers Austen admired, such as Samuel Johnson. However, Austen's development of complex characterization in her main characters anticipates the development of the novel in the nineteenth century away from satire and towards realism. For example, Darcy, while the hero of the novel, has flaws that he himself admits, such as pride, and Elizabeth, though one of the most charming heroines in all of English literature, jumps to conclusions and has a temper. 

Where does the story "The Bear" take place?

Like other typical stories and novels by William Faulkner, "The Bear" takes place in the southern United States. More specifically, most of the action takes place in the wilderness near Jefferson County, Mississippi. (Part of the story also involves a trip up to Memphis, Tennessee, before the final hunt of the bear.)

How did I know?

Notice how the first paragraph introduces the "camp" where a bear has earned himself a name "in an area almost a hundred miles deep." So we know that the hunting and other action of the story is fairly limited to this area of wilderness. A few paragraphs later, the narrator describes the setting as "unaxed woods," a beautiful way of saying it's an area with trees that haven't been chopped down.

Then, a few paragraphs in, the narrator describes the boy watching people "depart on the road to town, to Jefferson," so we know they're not too far from a town called Jefferson. But lots of US states have a town called Jefferson, so we're not sure yet where the setting is, exactly. 

These woods have dear and bears and oaks, so they could be almost anywhere in the south, but there's also a lot of talk about a bayou, so that helps us narrow down where the setting is. And there is also talk of local Chickasaw Native Americans, which we know inhabited Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama.

Now the evidence is mounting! There are bayous, Chickasaw Native Americans, wooded areas, and a place called Jefferson County in Mississippi. So the story probably takes place near there. In fact, lots of Faulkner's stories are based in and around that area, and he's from Mississippi himself.

For further reading, the American Geographical Society has published a detailed exploration of the setting of this story.

Compare and contrast the way the female characters are presented in Kate Chopin's "A Pair of Silk Stockings" and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The...

Both Chopin and Gilman present their female protagonists as victims of a male-dominated, patriarchal society that severely curtails women's freedom and limits women to traditional gender roles. These stories were written during the late 19th century, a time when female writers like Chopin and Gilman were tapping into an emerging feminist consciousness among women in the U.S. At this time, women were getting fed up with having no identity outside of marriage and motherhood and were frustrated by their lack of a political voice. Chopin's and Gilman's female protagonists struggle to assert their independence and dictate the course of their own lives within this patriarchal social structure.

Depending on the reader's interpretation of both stories, the female protagonist (and narrator) of "The Yellow Wallpaper" and Mrs. Sommers in "A Pair of Silk Stockings" are either successful or fail disastrously at gaining independence from the societal contraints placed on them. For example, the narrator's descent into insanity in "The Yellow Wallpaper" can be interpreted as a woman finally being defeated by her doctor husband's mental and physical oppression of her. On the other hand, the narrator's madness can be interpreted as a triumph over her husband's control, as the narrator's mental break allows her to gain insight about her oppression. Further still, the narrator's husband collapses upon witnessing his wife's insanity at the end of the story. In this moment, Gilman shows the shortcomings of patriarchal society, as the doctor husband's supposedly superior knowledge and prescribed "rest cure" have failed his wife.

Similarly, Mrs. Sommers in "A Pair of Silk Stockings" can be viewed as triumphant, as she finally decides to buy things for herself rather than constantly sacrificing her own needs to those of her children. At the beginning of the story, the third-person limited narrator relays to the reader that the widowed Mrs. Sommers has spent so much time pinching pennies to benefit her children while completely ignoring herself, which a respectable woman was expected to do at that time. By indulging her own desires, if even for a day, Mrs. Sommers resists the constraints society has placed on her. However, Chopin also critiques Mrs. Sommers's self-indulgence and her wild impracticality with the little bit of extra money she has managed to save. Chopin implies that Mrs. Sommers's self-indulgence is ultimately not the right solution to patriarchal oppression; rather, Chopin suggests that the answer is finding a balance between being a giving, caring mother and carving out an identity as a woman with desires beyond motherhood.

What is hydrocodone?

History of Use

Hydrocodone was first synthesized in Germany in 1920 by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim. The first report of euphoria and habituation was published in 1923, and the first report of dependence and addiction was published in 1961. Hydrocodone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1943 for sale in the United States.

Hydrocodone relieves pain by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain, that is, by binding to the opioid receptor sites in the brain and spinal cord.

Hydrocodone is not usually produced illegally; diverted pharmaceuticals are the primary source for misuse. Misuse comes in the form of fraudulent call-in prescriptions, altered prescriptions, theft, and illicit purchases online. Diversion and abuse have been increasing. In 2008, hydrocodone was the most frequently encountered opioid in drug evidence submitted to state and local forensics laboratories, as reported by the National Forensic Laboratory Information System.

Effects and Potential Risks

Short-term effects are improvement of mood, reduction of pain, euphoria, sedation, light-headedness, and changes in focus and attention. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, anxiety, dry throat, rash, difficulty urinating, irregular breathing, and chest tightness. When inhaled, burning in nose and sinuses usually occurs. A newborn of a woman who was taking the medication during pregnancy may exhibit breathing problems or withdrawal symptoms.

Symptoms of overdose include cold and clammy skin, circulatory collapse, stupor, coma, depression, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest, and death. Mixing hydrocodone with other substances, including alcohol, can cause severe physical problems or death.

Abuse of hydrocodone is associated with tolerance, dependence, and addiction. There is no ceiling dose for hydrocodone in users tolerant to its effects. Acetaminophen carries the risk of liver toxicity with high, acute doses (of around 4,000 mg per day).

Bibliography

Amer. Soc. of Health-System Pharmacists. "Hydrocodone." MedlinePlus. US Natl. Lib. of Medicine, 15 May 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Girion, Lisa. "DEA Tightens Controls on Hydrocodone Painkiller Drugs." Los Angeles Times. LA Times, 21 Aug. 2014. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Parker, Phillip M., and James N. Parker. Hydrocodone: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References. San Diego: Icon Health, 2003. Print.

McCoy, Krisha. "Opioid Addiction." Ed. Michael Woods. Health Library. EBSCO, Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Seppala, Marvin. Prescription Painkillers: History, Pharmacology, and Treatment. Center City: Hazelden, 2010. Print.

`(1 + 1/1)(1 + 1/2)(1 + 1/3) ... (1 + 1/n) = n + 1` Use mathematical induction to prove the formula for every positive integer n.

You need to use mathematical induction to prove the formula for every positive integer n, hence, you need to perform the two steps of the method, such that:

Step 1: Basis: Show that the statement P(n) hold for n = 1, such that:

`(1 + 1/1)  = 1+1 => 2=2`

Step 2: Inductive step: Show that if P(k) holds, then also P(k + 1) holds:

`P(k): (1 + 1/1)(1 + 1/2)...(1+1/k) = k + 1` holds

`P(k+1): (1 + 1/1)(1 + 1/2)...(1+1/k)(1 + 1/(k+1)) = k+2`

You need to use induction hypothesis that P(k) holds, hence, you need to re-write the left side, such that:

` (k + 1)(1 + 1/(k+1)) = k + 2`

Multiply k+1 to the left side:

`k+1 + (k+1)/(k+1) = k+2`

`k + 1 + 1 = k + 2`

`k + 2 = k + 2`

Notice that P(k+1) holds.

Hence, since both the basis and the inductive step have been verified, by mathematical induction, the statement `P(n):(1 + 1/1)(1 + 1/2)...(1+1/n) =n + 1`   holds for all positive integers n.

If the length of the side of a cube increases, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?

Hello!

Denote the length of a cube side as `a.` Then its volume is `V=a^3` and the surface area is `A=6a^2` (a cube has six faces, each is a square with the side length `a`).

Therefore the ratio in question is

`A/V=(6a^2)/(a^3)=6/a.`

As we see from this formula, the ratio decreases when side length `a` increases (and vice versa).

This behaviour is common for all similar three-dimensional bodies.

In The Great Gatsby: On what page does Daisy Buchanan say, "I'm cynical about everything?"

Daisy makes this comment to Nick on page 16 of the novel, although the exact quote is: "I'm pretty cynical about everything."

Nick is at dinner at his cousin Daisy's home. He hasn't seen her for several years and now has become aware that her husband, Tom, is having an affair with another woman and that Daisy knows it. She tells him "I've had a very bad time, Nick," which is why she says she is cynical.

But Nick is not sure whether or not Daisy is playing him as she states that she is hoping her daughter will end up to be a beautiful fool and then laughing with "sophisticated scorn" about how sophisticated she, Daisy, is. Nick suspects she is speaking insincerely, playing a role, trying to get a rise out of him, or as he more eloquently puts it "as though the whole evening had been a trick to ... exact a contributary emotion from me." 

Perhaps, as Nick's description of the evening suggests, Daisy is less unhappy than merely bored. 

Describe the dystopian society's culture in the novel Fahrenheit 451.

Ray Bradbury's dystopian society in the novel Fahrenheit 451 lacks many elements that are necessary to have a morally upright, enlightened, democratic populace. Clarisse, Faber, and Captain Beatty elaborate on the society's many ills. Clarisse mentions that people of all ages enjoy violence and sporting events. They lack empathy and take pleasure inflicting pain on one another. Clarisse also comments on the how individuals socially interact. She says that people never talk about anything meaningful, and nobody takes the time to listen to anyone speak. Mildred and her friends are the epitome of the shallow, superficial dystopian society. They are obsessed with the TV parlors and rely on medication to numb their minds and fall asleep. Mrs. Bowles casually dismisses her multiple abortions and divorces, and also mentions that she doesn't care about her children. In the dystopian society, relationships are not important, and raising a family is regarded as a chore.

Beatty describes to Montag that the populace wishes to have information condensed and sped up. The "mico-wave" society is only concerned with quick results and lacks the ability to methodically analyze anything in life. The continual search for carnal satisfaction and reliance on technology has greatly impacted the world of literature and intellectual pursuits. The citizens of the dystopian society reject literature in favor of SeaShell radios and TV parlors. The media has commercialized religion, and politicians are in support of a continual war. Overall, the society of Fahrenheit 451 reflects Bradbury's worst fears of what our increasingly superficial society could become.

What is meant by the question, "Why are characters born at certain times and in certain places?"

One thing it can mean to say that "characters are born at certain times and in certain places" is authors create and use characters to fulfill their own purposes. They create and use characters to tell their own stories complete their own themes. Authors create themes to express their own opinions about the ways of the world.

While author Harper Lee protests that To Kill a Mockingbird is not autobiographical, it does indeed reflect her own life to an extent. To that end, author Lee created Scout and placed her in a certain setting in order to share with the world some of what she experienced and learned herself.

Like Scout, Lee was born in a small town of Alabama. A difference, however, is that Lee was born in Monroeville, whereas Scout was born in the fictional town of Maycomb. A second difference is that Lee is a few years older than Scout, having been born in 1926, whereas Scout's birth year can be traced back to 1929. Regardless of their three-year age difference, Lee, like Scout, grew up in segregated Alabama during the Great Depression. Also like Scout, Lee's father was a lawyer, who defended the accused before all-white juries in cases very similar to Atticus's. In addition, it is known that African-American Walter Lett was tried in Monroevill, year 1933, for a rape case with details nearly identical to the details of Tom Robinson's case. While Lee's father did not serve as defense lawyer, the Lees paid very close attention to the case, and Lett's story clearly served as some of the inspiration for Tom Robinson's story in To Kill a Mockingbird (Talmage Boston, "Who Was Atticus Finch?," State Bar of Texas).

Based on the few details we know of Harper Lee's life, we can see that Lee grew up being a witness to the injustices African Americans suffered due to racism, which clearly significantly impacted her. As a result, she developed a character very similar to herself who grew up in the same setting Lee herself grew up in order to develop themes concerning prejudices, racial tensions, and the need to "climb into [another person's] skin and walk around in it" (Ch. 3).

Who killed Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet?

Romeo kills the hot-tempered Tybalt after Tybalt kills Romeo's friend Mercutio. These deaths illustrate the way the feud between the Capulet and Montague families causes constant, pointless bloodshed as revenge leads from one death to another to another. It is because of killing Tybalt that Romeo is banished from Verona, which, beyond the issues of being cut off from family and friends, creates a problem for Romeo since by this point he is secretly married to Juliet. Juliet is at first upset with Romeo for killing Tybalt, but quickly moves over to take his side, revealing some of the complexity and torn loyalties inherent in a love relationship between people caught in feuding families. The feud affects Romeo and Juliet's love by causing them to be separated, a separation that through miscommunication leads to the final tragedy. 

In The Help, why is it important to Skeeter's mother that she marry early?

The Help, written by Kathryn Stockett, deals with many themes that can feel quite foreign to those of us who have grown up in the past thirty years or so. The book is set in the 1960s, when the Civil Rights Movement was in full swing. While racial equality and de-segregation play the major part of the book, one can also read into the subtext of second-wave feminism. 

Skeeter Phelan, one of the main characters, is a young woman who comes from a well-off family. She lives in Jackson, Mississippi and attended college at the University of Mississippi. The American South has always valued tradition, even to the point of being considered "old fashioned." During the 1960's, higher  numbers of women in the United States were choosing to attend college and/or become part of the working world. The traditional option, which many women chose, was to marry and start a family as soon as she was of age. Skeeter feels a little out of place because all of her friends were married and started having children while she choose to go to college. What's more, as a high-society young woman, there wasn't really a need for Skeeter to be working. She could have easily relied on her family's wealth and married into an equally wealthy family. 

Skeeter had conflict with her mother over whether or not she should marry. Her mother worried that Skeeter might miss her chance to start a family if she did not marry soon. Her mother's worries were not just based in the fact that the number of young, eligible women would be pushing Skeeter out of "the market," but also in the fact that she thought Skeeter to not be very pretty. Her mother constantly was bringing home contraptions to try and straighten Skeeter's curly hair, thinking it detracted from her appearance. The societal pressures that Skeeter's appearance and age might make her less eligible for marriage naturally made her mother fear for her daughter and the possibility of the family being carried on.

To us, it might seem strange or old-fashioned to have such pressures on young women to marry as soon as possible. However, the belief that a woman's role in life was as wife and mother persists today, if not as firmly or with as many limitations as in the 1960's.

Does Scout learn anything from overhearing Atticus's conversation with Uncle Jack in To Kill a Mockingbird?

From overhearing her father and Uncle Jack discussing Atticus's having accepted the role of defense attorney in the case against Tom Robinson, Scout truly comprehends the meaning of Miss Maudie's description of her father as "...the same inside his house as he is on the public streets." Also, she learns of "Maycomb's usual disease" and how her father wants his children to ignore the gossip.

In Chapter 9 Scout listens from around the corner as Atticus talks to his younger brother, who asks Atticus if he could not get out of taking the Robinson case. Atticus replies that he really has no choice: "...do you think I could face my children otherwise?" For, if he refused the case when it was given to him by Judge Taylor, Atticus would have displayed hypocrisy as he has always expressed the idea that everyone should be treated fairly.

Then, Jack asks of this forthcoming trial, "...how bad is this going to be?" and Atticus responds,

"It couldn't be worse, Jack. The only thing we've got is a black man's word against the Ewells'....The evidence boils down to you-did--I-didn't. The jury couldn't possibly be expected to take Tom Robinson's word against the Ewells'...."

Atticus expresses his despair of winning, but he believes that he will have "a reasonable chance" on appeal. A little later, Atticus voices his wish that Jem and Scout will not listen to the townspeople's gossip about this trial. In addition, he hopes that they will come to him and trust him.

What type of ruler would Harrison have been? Would he have been better or worse than the Handicapper General and her agents?

Harrison Bergeron would not be a much better leader than Diana Moon Glampers because he declares himself "Emperor."

Interestingly, when he tears down the door to the television station, Harrison's actions in dominating the situation and his declarations, "I am the Emperor!" and "I shall now select my Empress!" suggest how quickly power corrupts. While he wants to restore individuality and give those who are exceptional the recognition they deserve by removing all handicaps, his words imply that he will also establish a hierarchy in his new society in which the "superior" people will be at the top.

Also, the fact that Harrison goes to the television station in order to reach as many people as he can indicates that he understands the power of the medium of television as a controlling device, just as the Handicapper General does. Thus, his actions further suggest that he would be imperious and undemocratic, even if he does free people from the physical impediments they must wear.

What evidence is there of the physical descriptions of Clarisse and Mildred in Fahrenheit 451?

Bradbury is a master of imagery, similes and metaphors; hence, he uses them to describe people's features and personalities. That said, there are no explicit descriptions, only ones steeped in imagery. For example, Montag smells apricots and strawberries when he is around Clarisse, but he describes her as follows:

"There was only the girl walking with him now, her face bright as snow in the moonlight. . . He saw himself in her eyes. . . as if her eyes were two miraculous bits of violet amber that might capture and hold him intact. Her face, turned to him now, was fragile milk crystal with a soft and constant light in it" (7).

Bradbury uses the words "snow" and "milk" which suggest a white face, but also a pure and young one. He also uses many images of light, such as moonlight and candlelight, to describe how Clarisse radiates brightness and warmth from her person. Her eyes seem to be contrasted with the words violet and amber, but he also says they are dark. This contrast between Clarisse's facial brightness and her dark eyes suggests rare beauty. After talking with her for the first time, he gets home and thinks the following:

"He looked at a blank wall. The girl's face was there, really quite beautiful in memory: astonishing, in fact. She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock . . . with a white silence" (10).

Again, the color white is used, this time coupled with silence, creating a very thought-provoking image, just like Clarisse's personality and the things she says.

Mildred, on the other hand, is not as impressive or warm—at least not enough for Montag to dwell on her features as he does on Clarisse's. Most of the imagery used to describe Montag's wife has to do with cold, steel, and death.

"His wife stretched on the bed, uncovered and cold, like a body displayed on the lid of a tomb, her eyes fixed to the ceiling by invisible threads of steel, immovable. . . Her face was like a snow-covered island upon which rain might fall, but it felt no rain; over which clouds might pass their moving shadows, but she felt no shadow" (13).

The above passage also uses snow to describe Mildred, but it is only to show coldness because she couldn't feel rain or shadows if she wanted to. Through such images Mildred symbolizes death and Clarisse surely symbolizes life for Montag. That is not to suggest that he doesn't care for his wife. At one point he thinks he wouldn't cry if she died, but he does care about her and the life they could have had. Unfortunately, after he survives the bombing of the city, he says the following:

"My wife, my wife. Poor Millie, poor, poor Millie. I can't remember anything. I think of her hands but I don't see them doing anything at all. They just hang there at her sides or they lay there on her lap or there's a cigarette in them, but that's all" (156).

Of all the things to remember about his wife, Montag thinks of her non-productive hands. He's really rather sad for her loss and the fact that she could have been much more, but she was the product of the society that created her—distracted, lifeless, and one who was as though walking dead.

Describe the people in the town in "The Lottery."

The people in the town are what make this story so creepy and tragic. They all seem so normal, yet they are completely okay with a lottery system that elects one of their own members to be stoned to death. That's not normal. 

When the story begins, the reader is introduced to the kids first. They are running around and being boisterous and energetic like any kids would be before a fun social gathering.  

School was recently over for the summer, and the feeling of liberty sat uneasily on most of them; they tended to gather together quietly for a while before they broke into boisterous play, and their talk was still of the classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands.

This social gathering will end with one of them or their parents being killed. I don't understand the happy attitudes, but that's what makes the story so scary.

Next come the descriptions of the men, women, husbands, and wives.  

Soon the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes. They stood together, away from the pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed. The women, wearing faded house dresses and sweaters, came shortly after their menfolk. They greeted one another and exchanged bits of gossip as they went to join their husbands. Soon the women, standing by their husbands, began to call to their children, and the children came reluctantly, having to be called four or five times.

Again, there is absolutely nothing odd about any of it. It paints a scene similar to something that I see before large school events like concerts, picnics, or fundraisers. Men and women are talking with members of their own sex. Men talk about "manly" stuff like tractors and women gossip. Take notice of the specific detail of what the women are wearing. They are not wearing their Sunday best. They are wearing their normal clothes. Likely, the women came straight to the lottery gathering from their work at their individual homes. That again stresses to the reader that the coming events are completely normal. 

As for a specific person in the story, I like Old Man Warner. Old Man Warner is exactly as his name implies. He's a man, and he's old. On top of that, he is the stereotypical cranky old man who thinks he's right and young folks are not. 

"Some places have already quit lotteries," Mrs. Adams said. "Nothing but trouble in that," Old Man Warner said stoutly. "Pack of young fools."

What is the relationship between wine and cancer?

How red wine may protect: Red wine is a rich source of active phytochemicals (plant chemicals) called polyphenols. Polyphenols are naturally found in the seeds and skins of grapes. Red wine contains more polyphenols than white wine because when white wine is made, the skins are removed after the grapes are crushed. The polyphenols found in red wine are the naturally occurring antioxidants known as flavonoid and resveratrol. These antioxidants help clear cancer-causing free radicals from the body. Resveratrol also functions as an anti-inflammatory agent, inhibiting enzymes that promote tumor development and cancer cell proliferation. The flavonoid present in red wine may be effective against cancer during the initiation, promotion, and progression phases.

Colorectal cancer and red wine: According to one report published by the American College of Gastroenterology, consuming three or more glasses of red wine per week may reduce a person’s risk of developing colorectal cancer. In a New York study that included 1,700 people who underwent routine colorectal cancer screening, 10 percent of those patients who did not drink alcohol had colorectal cancer, while only 3.4 percent of patients who routinely drank red wine had colorectal cancer. However, finding published in a 2009 meta-analysis in the Annals of Oncology indicated that those who drank more than one alcoholic beverage per day had a higher relative risk of colorectal cancer than did nondrinkers.

Prostate cancer and red wine: According to a 2004 study conducted by investigators at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, men who drank four or more glasses of wine per week reduced the risk of prostate cancer by 50 percent. Moreover, there was a 60 percent lower incidence of aggressive types of prostate cancer. Resveratrol, according to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, may reduce circulating testosterone levels. This is important because circulating testosterone can promote prostate cancer cell growth. In 2013, a meta-analysis published in the Central European Journal of Urology suggested that resveratrol has the potential to prevent prostate cancer but stated that the appropriate dose has yet to be found.

Leukemia and red wine: Resveratrol also appears to be effective in causing apoptosis, cancer cell death, in patients with leukemias. Resveratrol may work by inhibiting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the leukemia cells, which causes cell death.

However, numerous studies have shown associations between alcohol consumption and elevated risk of developing head and neck, gastrointestinal, liver, and breast cancers, as well as colorectal cancers among heavy drinkers. Thus, even as debate over the effectiveness red wine, or at least its component resveratrol, in preventing some cancers continues, the risk of developing other cancers remains.

"Alcohol and Cancer Risk." Cancer.gov. Natl. Cancer Inst., Natl. Inst. of Health, 24 June 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.

Jasiński, Milosz, Lidia Jasiński, and Marcin Ogrodowczyk. "Resveratrol in Prostate Diseases – A Short Review." Central European Journal of Urology 66.2 (2013): 144–49. PDF file.

"Resveratrol." Health Library. EBSCO, Sept. 2014. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.

Semba, Richard D., et al. "Resveratrol Levels and All-Cause Mortality in Older Community-Dwelling Adults." JAMA Internal Medicine 174.7 (2014): 1077–84. PDF file.

Snowden, Rebecca Viksnins. "Even Moderate Alcohol Use Increases Risk of Certain Cancers in Women."Cancer.org. Amer. Cancer Soc., 25 Feb. 2009. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.

What is meant by functionalism in music?

Functionalism in music is a school of thought that indicates that every piece of music has a function and that that function affects the end product. The roots of functionalism are steeped in the fact that music can be viewed as a form of nonverbal communication used to express emotions or convey a specific message. The tempo, genre and even the instruments used are all a function of the emotion that the composer or artist wishes to convey. When the function of a piece of music can be assessed, the success or failure of the piece to perform that function can also be seen. 

Even in contemporary music, the lyrics are enhanced by the function of the instrumental portion of the song including the manner in which the vocals are performed. For example, if the function of the song is to convey sadness, the tempo will usually be slower and the keys and instruments are chosen to elicit that emotion within the listener. The same can be said for genre. If the purpose is to create a country song, for example, the instruments used and the way that the chosen instruments are used will be limited by the artists interpretation of the genre. The differences in intended function by artists, no matter the genre, give us the variety of forms of music that exist today.

The average of a process is 85.02 and the standard deviation is 0.188411. The specification limits are 85 plus or minus 0.5 a) What is the Cp...

The following was information is given: 

Average: `barx = 85.02`

Standard Deviation: `SD = 0.188441`

Upper Specification Limit:`USL = 85 + 0.5 = 85.5`

Lower Specification Limit: `LSL = 85 - 0.5 = 84.5 `

a. What is the Cp value

Cp is simple and straightforward indicator of process capability.

Cp is mathematically calculated as follows: 

`C_p = (USL - LSL)/(6*SD)`

`C_p = (85.5 -84.5)/(6*0.188441) = 0.88445`

b.What is the Cpk value? 

Cpk is an indicator that measures how close to the target as well as how centered you are around the average. 

Mathematically Cpk is calculated as follows: 

`C_(pk) = min ((USL-barx)/(3*SD),(barx-LSL)/(3*SD))`

`C_(pk) = min ((85.5-85.02)/(3*0.188411),(85.02-84.5)/(3*0.188411))`

`C_(pk) = min (0.849207318, 0.9199745945)` 

Using an online calculator we can find the answer to the above calculation (reference below): 

`C_(pk) = 0.849` 

c. Three options for improving process capability: 

• Evaluate the Process Flowchart

When looking at the process flowchart, look for areas where work has been duplicated. If there are areas of duplication, speak to the stakeholders to have the duplication removed as these steps are not necessary in providing a quality product or service to the customer.

• Evaluate the Control Charts 

Look at the control and look for outliers or huge variability. If this is caused by a common cause, then the variation is existent in every process (not process is 100% perfect), but if it a special cause variation, then one should look into it and find ways to improve it. Special cause variation occurs at unusual circumstances. 

• 
  

  Find New Improvements 

  
  

If the control charts seems to be causing huge variations, new control charts needs to be developed to improve the process capability. Any improvements or changes made that require training of workers should be done by first training the employees.

SUMMARY: 

a. Cp = 0.884

b. Cpk = 0.849

c. Evaluate the process flowchart, evaluate the control charts and find new improvements. 

What does Teiresias (the prophet in the Land of the Dead) warn Odysseus against in his prophecy?

In The Odyssey Odysseus is warned by the blind prophet Tiresias that all of the sacred cattle of the Sun God Helios should be left alone. Tiresias says that the cattle should be avoided at whatever cost, and that if they are not, the men will all meet their doom.

He also tells Odysseus that when he returns home he will find suitors eating his food and courting his wife. He is told that he must send these men away or kill them. 

Lastly, he was told that he should find a place so far inland that the inhabitants ate unsalted meat and wouldn't know of the sea or be able to recognize an oar. Specifically he said Odysseus should walk until someone asked him about his oar and called it a "winnowing fan" rather than an oar (because they didn't know what an oar was, presumably). In that spot Odysseus is to stick the oar in the ground and make a sacrifice to Poseidon so that he can continue on his journey home safely. 

Odysseus intends to follow all of the prophet's instructions. He leaves to pray and in his absence tells his men to leave the cattle untouched. Unfortunately, food runs scarce and his men get hungry. Since they are temporarily trapped on the island, the men decide to fill their stomachs the only way they can think of: by killing and eating the sacred cattle. Helios is furious about this transgression, and he convinces Zeus to punish the men. On the trip home the ship wrecks and only Odysseus, who did not eat the sacred cattle, survives. 

In the book The Lemon Tree by Sandy Tolan, which parts of the Israeli culture are represented and are there conflicts between different types of...

In his examination of the Arab-Israeli conflict as seen, primarily, through the eyes of a Palestinian man and an Israeli woman in The Lemon Tree: An Arab, a Jew, and the Heart of the Middle East, Sandy Tolan devotes considerable time to the distinctions that divide not just Arabs and Jews, but those who identify as Jewish. Within Judaism there exists very fundamental distinctions between Jews, including those based upon modern ancestry and those based upon level of orthodoxy. While many Jews lived in the areas known as Judea and Samaria uninterrupted by the forced expulsions of the previous millennium, most had fled anti-Semitic violence, establishing communities across Europe. Over centuries, these European Jewish communities evolved into divisions, including those whose heritages were traced to Spain before the Inquisition and forced expulsions as well as those whose heritage was rooted further east, in Central and Eastern Europe. The former are known as Sephardic, the latter as Ashkenazi. These two categories of Jews represent not just distinct origins, but distinct outlooks with respect to Zionism and relations with Muslims. The former are darker-skinned, the latter lighter-skinned and more similar physically to the European ethnicities prevalent throughout those regions. Sephardic Israelis with roots in Spanish culture are also those who came to Israel, centuries after the Inquisition from predominantly Arab countries across the Middle East (including North Africa), many fleeing persecution from Islamic majorities in Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, and every other modern-era country of that region. Political differences in Israel today reflect these distinctions, in addition to the political inclinations of various sects and levels of orthodoxy that collectively reflect a far more diverse populace than usually assumed.

Distinctions between Israeli Jews manifest themselves politically in terms of relationships with Arab-Muslim countries, with Sephardic Jews often more hostile to negotiations with Arab governments. Their history of persecution at the hands of Arab governments and populations instilled in them a more cynical perspective of Israel’s ability to exist peaceably surrounded by Arab nations. The relevance of this to any discussion of The Lemon Tree is clear. The Israeli family at the center of Tolan’s book is itself representative of these major distinctions among Jews. Dalia Eshkenazi is Sephardic, but the physical appearance of her and her family is closer to the lighter-skinned Ashkenazi with Central and Eastern European origins. That seeming dichotomy provides Dalia, whose family moved into the house of a Palestinian family that fled after the area in which the neighborhood sits became Israeli, a unique perspective. Her physical appearance is that of the Ashkenazi, but her heritage is that of the Sephardim. Thus she is able to forge a close personal relationship with Bashir Khairis, the Palestinian man in whose home Dalia was raised.  As a Sephardic Jew, Dalia grew up with the experience of someone who has viewed racial distinctions from a disadvantage. Tolan notes her experiences as a “black girl” culturally separate from the Ashkenazim “white girls.” Her heritage sensitizes her to the travails of those on the receiving end of racist treatment. Subjected to rock-throwing at the hands of Polish “white” girls, Dalia reacts indignantly, asking rhetorically of the Ashkenazim girls, “Of all people who should know better . . .Of all people who should know how not to treat someone badly just because they are different.” The victimization of Jews throughout history has, Dalia suggests, failed to sensitize some of her fellow Jews to the threat of racism that seems to permeate all of humanity, including those who have been in the receiving end of violence solely because they are “different.”

Cultural and other distinctions among Israeli Jews is a theme to which Tolan returns throughout his examination of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The author is correct to note the importance of these distinctions in resolving the considerable divide between Palestinian and Jewish people.

What happens to Snowball during the meeting about the windmill? What events in Soviet history does this scene suggest?

In Chapter Five of Animal Farm, the debates about the windmill reach their climax as Snowball makes his case to the rest of the animals. In his rousing speech, Snowball emphasises the potential benefits of the windmill:

He painted a picture of Animal Farm as it might be when sordid labour was lifted from the animals' backs.

This rosy image succeeds in convincing the animals that Snowball should build the windmill. But, sensing a threat to his dominance, Napoleon reacts with unprecedented brutality and cruelty: he utters a "high-pitched whimper" which alerts his pack of dogs. They immediately enter the barn and run directly at the defenceless Snowball, who is saved only by his quick reflexes. Snowball runs as fast he can across the pasture and out of the farm, with the dogs close on his tail. Luckily, Snowball is able to slip through a hole in the fence, but is never again seen on Animal Farm. 

To put this scene into historical context, it is reminiscent of Leon Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1928. Like Snowball, Trotsky criticised some of Stalin's policies, especially those relating to the economy and to the suppression of democracy, and was first thrown out of the party, then out of Moscow and out of the country completely. In this scene, therefore, Orwell uses Napoleon to represent Stalin's unexpected actions against Trotsky. 

You can find out more about this moment in history in the reference link provided.

How much of what Sister reports can we believe?

In Eudora Welty's famous short story, "Why I Live at the P.O.," Sister is the classic unreliable narrator, so believe what she says with caution! This story is told in first person, with Sister narrating the events of why she moved out of her family's home and into the post office. As the narrator, she only tells one side of the story—her side. She makes harsh comments about her sister, Stella-Rondo, like that she's "spoiled" and tells "deliberated, calculated falsehoods."  

At the same time, Sister portrays herself as the victim and the righteous one in the family, who is undeserving of everyone's criticism. When she makes a sarcastic comment or noise like "H'm!" and when she is questioned about it, she then backtracks by saying she didn't mean a thing. In addition, Sister always tries to cause trouble, like suggesting that Shirley-T is not adopted, no matter what Stella-Rondo may claim.

Sister's behavior, which borders on that of a spoiled child, leaves the reader uncertain of how much she says is true or accurate. It would appear that much of it is exaggeration, simply to gain the sympathy of those around her. At the end, when she leaves to go to the P.O., she takes several small items in a petty way as she has a tantrum over the way she has been treated. This reveals her to be a person who is clearly not reliable or believable.

What impact did the Berlin Conference have on Africa?

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set the ground rules for the colonization of Africa by European powers.  The event helped to ease tensions that were growing as a result of the competition for resources in Africa.  It had a dramatic and lasting negative impact on the nations of Africa.  They lost the ability to govern their own people and develop their economies.  African natural resources were essentially stolen from them for the betterment of the European industrial economies.  This impact is still felt in Africa today as they struggle to develop. The Europeans also stripped the Africans of their cultural identity and history. For the African to get ahead, they were forced to assimilate to European ways. The Berlin Conference also demarcated boundaries that did not collaborate along ethnic and tribal lines.  This action caused a great deal of stress within the African states after Europeans left in the 1950's.  

Why does Jem want to go out at ten o'clock at night in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Jem wants to go downtown at ten o'clock at night because he is worried about his father, who has taken a lightbulb and an extension cord and then driven off to town.

Earlier on this Sunday, men from town have visited Atticus, asking if the Tom Robinson trial could not have a change of venue. Mr. Link Deas is heard saying to Atticus, "You got everything to lose from this, Atticus. I mean everything." Overhearing the men talking, Jem grows concerned, and as the phone rings, he calls out to his father. This breaks the tension; the men laugh and disperse.

That evening, however, Atticus gathers a light bulb and an extension cord, bidding everyone good-night,

"You folks'll be in bed when I come back, so I'll say good night now."

Because of the events of the day and this irregular behavior of Atticus, Jem begins to worry about his father. At 10:00 p.m., when Atticus has not returned, Jem tells his sister that he is going downtown, but Scout insists that she accompany him. As they cut through Miss Rachel's side yard, they tap on Dill's window, and in a few minutes, he joins them. Jem tells Dill he has a feeling that something is going on, so they head to Atticus's office, which is located in the Maycomb Bank Building. Atticus is not there, so the children walk up the street and see Atticus's lightbulb over the jailhouse door.

He was sitting in one of his office chairs, and he was reading, oblivious of the nightbugs dancing over his head.

Then, four dusty automobiles pull up and men with hats pulled low on their foreheads emerge from the cars to approach Atticus, speaking in whispers as they walk. When Atticus sees Jem, he tells him to go home, but Jem shakes his head. One burly man grabs Jem, pulling him nearly off his feet. This action angers Scout, who kicks the man in the shins, prompting Atticus to quickly scold Scout.

Looking around, Scout finally recognizes one of the sullen, tired men as Mr. Cunningham; she speaks to him and causes him enough discomfiture that he decides to leave, calling to the others to do the same. Afterwards, Mr. Underwood emerges and tells Atticus he has had him covered with his rifle all the time. The Finches all walk home, safe and content with one another.