Towards the middle of the poem, Ulysses speaks of his son, Telemachus, in a manner that suggests he is pondering the end of his rule and the shift of those responsibilities to Telemachus. He remarks on how Telemachus has a good character and implies that he will be a good king, but seems to visualize a rift or distance between them; "he works his works, I mine." It's almost as though Ulysses is already half-departed.
His attention then turns to "[his] mariners" - if we are to interpret this literally, he means the men who have sailed with him before, probably the same ones that accompanied him on his earlier journeys as chronicled in the Odyssey. Metaphorically, he might also be speaking to those who share his sentiments, and long for exploration, and to "seek a newer world." In this sense, if he is addressing any who share his feelings, including the reader, then he is speaking not to specific characters but to an unseen third party in the sense of a soliloquy rather than a direct conversation.
The final lines of the poem,
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
imply that he values strength of character rather than of body; he knows that he and those like him are old, and not as strong as they once were, but they retain a number of other virtues, such as their will. He exalts the ability of the willful person to impose that will upon both nature and their own bodies, and resist the slow and quiet decay that preys upon the old and inactive.
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