Disappointment in the Treaty of Versailles included a) Middle Eastern and African colonies that had thought they would be independent following...

The answer to this question is (d) all of the above. Many Middle Eastern and African colonies indeed hoped that they would gain independence. This was especially true of people in the Middle East that had fought for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Instead, much of the region now encompassed by Iraq, Syria, and Jordan, as well as Palestine, became mandates (essentially dependent territories, if not exactly colonies) of Great Britain and France. Similarly, the Shandong Peninsula, which the Chinese hoped would become theirs, was given to Japan as a mandate at the Paris Peace Conference. Finally, African-American leaders, including William Monroe Trotter and W.E.B. DuBois, wanted to attend the Paris Peace Conference to achieve freedom for African colonies as well as guarantees about the treatment of people of color around the world. They were rejected, due in no small part to Woodrow Wilson, who was a committed segregationist notwithstanding his reputation as an idealist. So the correct answer is (d).