What is constipation?

Causes and Symptoms

People of every age group, from infants to the elderly, can experience the unpleasant symptoms of constipation, which is characterized primarily by discomfort. Certain disease states such as diabetes mellitus, paralysis of the legs, colon cancer, and hypothyroidism predispose a person to constipation. Possible causes of constipation are medications, iron supplements, toilet-training procedures, pregnancy, lack of adequate fluids, a low-fiber diet, and lack of physical activity.

Treatment and Therapy

Most cases of constipation can be treated by the patient at home. Drinking adequate fluids makes it easier for fecal material to pass through the large intestine. Without adequate hydration, a person may experience small, pelletlike stools. Eight to ten glasses of liquids per day are recommended, including water, milk, fruit juice, herbal tea, and soup. Once adequate hydration is achieved, a high-fiber diet can gradually be started. Without enough fluids, a high-fiber diet can worsen the problems of constipation. A high-fiber diet adds bulk to the bowel movement (increasing stool volume, decreasing pressure within the colon, and decreasing the intestinal transit time of foods) and thus can lead to more regular bowel habits and partial relief of the symptoms. One can increase fiber in the diet by eating high-fiber breakfast cereals, beans or legumes, raw fruits and vegetables, prunes, and whole-grain breads. To minimize gastrointestinal discomforts such as increased flatulence (gas), it is recommended to increase one’s fiber consumption gradually.

In addition to adequate liquids and a high-fiber diet, exercise is important in treating constipation. Any sort of physical activity, such as walking, running, or swimming, can help to stimulate the activity of the large intestine.

Laxatives and enemas should not be used until after a discussion with a physician. Mineral oil should also not be used because many essential fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, may be excreted as well. Persistent constipation should be evaluated by a physician.

Bibliography

Berkson, D. Lindsey. Healthy Digestion the Natural Way. New York: Wiley, 2000. Print.

Capasso, Francesco, and Timothy S. Gaginella. Laxatives: A Practical Guide. Milan: Springer, 1997. Print.

"Chart of High-Fiber Foods." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Educ. and Research, 17 Nov. 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

"Constipation." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Natl. Insts. of Health, 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

"Constipation in Children." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Natl. Insts. of Health, 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

Gitnick, Gary, and Karen Cooksey. Freedom from Digestive Distress. New York: Crown, 2000. Print.

Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker, eds. The Official Patient’s Sourcebook on Constipation. San Diego: Icon, 2002. Print.

Peikin, Steven R. Gastrointestinal Health: The Proven Nutritional Program to Prevent, Cure, or Alleviate Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Ulcers, Heartburn, and Many Other Digestive Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: Harper, 2004. Print.

Wexner, Steven D., and Graeme S. Duthie, eds. Constipation: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management. 2nd ed. London: Springer, 2006. Print.

Whorton, James C. Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.