Before I answer the question, note that there are a number of research methods available to us and all of them have their pros and cons. The selection of a method depends on the type of study and the question/s we are trying to probe and answer.
In all types of published studies, whether in the form of reviewed journal articles, book chapters or research theses, it is mandatory for the author/s to report the method/s used in the study at hand. There is generally a section on materials and methods or methodology (or some other name, depending on the type of publication, etc.). This part of the publication is aimed at providing the method/s used in great detail, so that someone else can also use the same and verify the results.
Depending on this information, we can deduce the type of research method that was used. We can classify the research methods as qualitative, quantitative, mixed, etc. Depending on the research method, type of study and research discipline, we can use techniques such as laboratory studies, field studies, surveys, computer-based and mathematical model, etc. The results of the study also help us understand whether a qualitative or a quantitative method was used, etc.
Hope this helps.
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