A black hole is the final stage of the life cycle of a very massive star (with a mass more than 10 times that of the sun). Black holes are regions of such high density that their gravitational pull is high enough to even stop light from passing through and thus they are invisible.
When extremely massive stars have completed the main sequence of their life cycle, they become red giants. The core of such giants undergoes fusion of correspondingly higher elements, starting with helium and going through carbon, oxygen, silicon, etc. and ultimately to iron. No further fusion reaction takes place, as it takes a lot of energy to fuse iron. At this point, the star undergoes a massive explosion known as a supernova, which is bright enough to light the galaxy for many days. The leftover core of the extremely massive star becomes extremely dense and does not allow even light to pass through and thus becomes the black hole.
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