How do sociologists conduct research?

Sociology is the study of human social behavior and the implications of these behaviors. For example, the ways in which societies are organized and who may benefit or be devalued in such structures.

In order to identify patterns or cause-effect relationships in human social behavior, sociologists conduct research which considers both the quantitative (empirical, measurable) and qualitative (felt, experienced) aspects of behavior. Much of social theory is developed around the quantitative but uses qualitative factors to explain why certain patterns emerge. Sociologists may conduct their research through surveys, interviews, direct observation, or participant observation. Both surveys and interviews allow participants in the research to self-report or explain their experience. Participant observation may also involve some explanation from the insider perspective, but is primarily for the purpose of the sociologist to get a feel for that insider perspective. On the other hand, direct observation maintains some distance between the sociologist and their group or individual of study. Each method has its own merits and drawbacks, so a combination of methods allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the subject material. Sociologists may also draw from already existing material like historical documents, previously completed surveys, or studies which have already been published on relevant subjects.

Much like other forms of research, sociologists begin by developing a hypothesis, collecting data to analyze, and either proving, disproving, or refining their initial hypothesis.